Ibland framställs utländsk ekonomisk närvaro i utvecklingsländer som exploaterande och destruktiv. I ”Foreign Know-How, Firm Control, and the Income of Developing Countries” (preliminär gratisversion här), publicerad i Quarterly Journal of Economics, ges stöd för att så inte alltid är fallet:

Management know-how shapes the productivity of firms and can be reallocated across countries as managers acquire control of factors of production abroad. We construct a quantitative model to investigate the aggregate consequences of the international reallocation of management know-how. Using aggregate data, we infer the relative scarcity of this form of know-how in a sample of developing countries. We find that developing countries gain, on average, 12% in output and 5% in welfare (with wide variation across countries) when they eliminate policy barriers to foreign control of domestic factors of production.